How Do I Know If My Property Is Suitable For A Water Well?

Can you get dependable, safe water from a well on your property?

How Do I Know If My Property Is Suitable For A Water Well?

You likely want a clear answer before you invest time and money into drilling. This guide walks you through the main factors that determine whether your property can support a water well and what you should consider before you move forward.

What this guide covers and why it matters

You’ll learn how geology, land use, permitting, water quality, and well construction affect suitability. You’ll also get practical steps to evaluate your site and understand the difference between common pump types. This will help you make informed decisions and ask the right questions of drillers, inspectors, and regulators.

Basic concepts: groundwater, aquifers, and wells

Groundwater is water stored beneath the ground in the pore spaces of soil and rock. An aquifer is the geologic formation that stores and transmits groundwater in usable quantities. Wells tap into these aquifers to bring water to the surface.

You’ll want to understand whether a productive aquifer underlies your property, how deep the water is (static water level), and whether the formation can supply enough water for your needs.

Static water level vs pumping water level

Static water level is the depth to water when the well is not being pumped. Pumping water level (or drawdown) is how much the water level drops while the well is being pumped.

Knowing both helps you and your driller estimate required well depth and pump capacity. If drawdown is large, the well may not meet demand without a larger pump, deeper drilling, or reduced water use.

Well yield and specific capacity

Well yield is usually reported in gallons per minute (gpm) and indicates how much water the well can produce. Specific capacity is the yield divided by drawdown, giving a sense of how efficiently the well produces water.

You’ll want a well yield that matches your household or agricultural needs. Typical household needs vary, but a common goal is at least 5–10 gpm for steady domestic use; larger needs require higher yields.

Geological and hydrological factors to evaluate

Your property’s underlying geology and hydrology are the most fundamental determinants of well suitability. Rock type, soil, and aquifer properties directly affect how much water is available and how deep you must drill.

You’ll want to gather geological maps, well logs from nearby wells, and local groundwater information. These resources help predict likely depth to water, expected yields, and water quality issues.

Type of aquifer: confined vs unconfined

Unconfined aquifers have a water table that responds directly to rainfall and surface recharge. Confined aquifers are sandwiched between impermeable layers and often produce more stable water levels.

If your site taps an unconfined aquifer, you may see more seasonal fluctuation in water levels. Confined aquifers may give more reliable supply but could be deeper.

Bedrock and fractured rock systems

In areas where bedrock is the dominant formation, water is often found in fractures. You’ll usually find highly variable yields: some drilled wells hit productive fractures while others produce very little.

If your property sits on solid bedrock, plan for exploratory drilling and expect more variability compared with unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers.

Soil types and permeability

Sandy, gravelly soils usually have high permeability and better recharge, which often translates to higher yields for shallow wells. Clay and silt are less permeable and often yield less water. You’ll want to know the soil distribution across your parcel.

Site-specific considerations and potential contamination sources

Even if water is present, quality matters. You need to evaluate risks from septic systems, agricultural activities, fuel tanks, livestock, and other contamination sources that could affect your well.

You should map potential contaminants on and near your property and choose a drilling location that maximizes distance from these risks while meeting setback regulations.

Typical setback recommendations (check local code)

Below are common recommended setbacks. These are general guidelines; you must check your local health department or permitting authority for exact rules.

You’ll want to place your well upslope of potential contamination sources and avoid areas prone to flooding or surface runoff.

Surface water and floodplain concerns

Wells located in floodplains or low-lying areas have a higher risk of surface contamination during storms. You should avoid sites that pool water or receive runoff from nearby roads or fields.

If you must site a well in a susceptible area, special sanitary construction and casing/grouting practices can mitigate risk.

Legal, permitting, and regulatory factors

Permits, setbacks, well construction standards, and water rights vary widely by state, province, and country. You’ll need to check local regulations before drilling.

Contact your local health department, water resources agency, or permitting office to learn about required permits, minimum construction standards, and inspection requirements.

Water rights and allocations

Some regions regulate groundwater extraction by volume or well spacing. If you plan to use water for irrigation or high-demand purposes, check whether you need permits or whether groundwater use is metered.

You’ll want to confirm any registration, reporting, or fee requirements before you commit.

Licensed contractors and required inspections

Many jurisdictions require licensed well drillers and mandate that well construction be inspected or logged. You should hire licensed professionals to ensure the well meets legal and sanitary standards.

Ask potential drillers for proof of licensing, insurance, references, and examples of well logs in your area.

How to evaluate likely cost and feasibility

Costs depend on depth to water, geology, access, casing materials, pump type, and required testing. Drilling on rocky, remote, or steep property will cost more.

You should get multiple quotes and request detailed estimates that separate drilling, casing, grouting, pump and pressure systems, electrical work, water testing, and permitting.

Typical cost components

You’ll encounter these common cost items:

• Site investigation and pre-drilling assessments
• Drilling and casing
• Well screen and gravel pack (if applicable)
• Sanitary seal and grouting
• Pump, pressure tank, and controls
• Electrical hookup and controls
• Water quality testing
• Permits and inspections

Costs vary by region, but as a ballpark, a basic domestic drilled well might range from a few thousand to many thousands of dollars depending on depth and conditions. Expect higher costs if you need deep drilling through hard rock.

Steps to assess your property (practical checklist)

Use the checklist below to organize your evaluation and conversations with professionals. Each item will help you determine the feasibility and reduce surprises.

You’ll find this checklist helpful when planning and discussing options with contractors and regulators.

Water quality: what to test for and how often

Water quality varies by location and can change over time. After you drill, you’ll test for bacteria immediately and for other contaminants based on regional risk factors.

You should arrange a baseline test that includes microbial, chemical, and physical parameters and repeat certain tests periodically.

Recommended initial tests

At minimum, you should test for:

• Total coliform and E. coli (microbial)
• Nitrate and nitrite
• pH
• Total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Hardness, iron, manganese (common aesthetic issues)
• Lead and copper (especially for older plumbing)
• Arsenic (in regions where it’s known to occur)
• Sulfate and chloride (if you suspect contamination)

Testing labs will usually provide sample bottles and instructions. You’ll want to follow sampling protocols to avoid contamination.

Ongoing testing schedule

You should test for bacteria annually. If you live near agriculture, test for nitrates annually. Chemical contaminants should be tested every 2–5 years depending on regional risks and prior results. Test after major events like flooding, well repair, or if you notice a taste, odor, or cloudiness.

Well construction types and what they mean for you

Wells are commonly categorized by drilling method and casing type. Your driller will recommend the best approach for your geology and needs.

Dug or bored wells

Dug wells are shallow and excavated with heavy equipment. They have a large diameter and can be more vulnerable to contamination.

You’ll usually only see these where the water table is very shallow; they are less common for modern domestic supply due to contamination risk.

Driven wells

Driven wells use a small-diameter pipe driven into unconsolidated soils or gravel. They’re typically shallow and inexpensive, but limited to shallow water table conditions.

You’ll consider these only if your water table is very near the surface and the formation is suitable.

Drilled wells (rotary or percussion)

Drilled wells are the most common modern option. They can penetrate deep into bedrock or aquifers and offer better sanitary protection.

You’ll usually get a steel or PVC casing, properly grouted, and a screened or open-bottom section to allow water entry while keeping out sediments.

Pump systems: jet pumps vs submersible pumps (in-depth)

One of your key decisions is which pump type to use. Below is a detailed comparison between jet pumps and submersible pumps to help you choose.

How jet pumps work

Jet pumps sit above ground and use suction to draw water through a pipe from the well. There are two main types: shallow well jet pumps (single-pipe) and deep-well jet pumps (two-pipe with a downhole venturi).

You’ll find jet pumps are easier to service since the pump is above ground. However, they rely on suction and are limited by suction lift—typically about 25 feet—so for deeper water you need the deep-well dual-pipe configuration, which is less efficient than a submersible.

How submersible pumps work

Submersible pumps sit inside the well, submerged below the water level, and push water up the pipe. Because they operate underwater, they avoid suction limits and can lift water from great depths more efficiently.

You’ll benefit from quieter operation and higher overall efficiency. Submersible pumps are common for deeper wells and higher-flow situations.

Pros and cons summary (jet vs submersible)

You’ll choose based on depth to water, desired flow rate, energy considerations, and maintenance preferences.

When to prefer a jet pump

You’ll consider a jet pump if your static water level is shallow (within the suction lift limit) and you want easier access for service. Shallow well jet pumps are simple and inexpensive for small domestic needs.

If the well is deeper than ~25 feet, you’d need a deep-well jet pump (two-pipe) that is typically less efficient than a submersible. For moderate depths where efficiency and long-term energy costs matter, a submersible often performs better.

When to prefer a submersible pump

You’ll prefer a submersible when water is deep, when you need higher flow rates, or when you want quieter operation and better energy efficiency. Submersibles are the usual choice for drilled wells deeper than 50 feet and for wells that must meet larger household or agricultural demands.

Sizing and controls

Regardless of pump type, you’ll need a properly sized pressure tank and controls to avoid short-cycling. Pressure switches control pump start/stop based on system pressure and tank settings. Variable frequency drives (VFDs) can offer smoother control and energy savings for larger systems.

You’ll want a professional to size the pump and pressure system to match your well yield and household demand.

After drilling: testing, disinfection, and commissioning

Once the well is drilled and the pump installed, there are essential steps to ensure safe operation and potability.

Disinfection and flushing

Your driller will usually disinfect the well with a shock chlorination and flush the system. You’ll typically wait a few days before sampling for bacteria to ensure chlorine has dissipated and bacteria tests are accurate.

You should follow the driller’s instructions on using the water immediately after construction.

Initial water testing and documentation

You’ll collect water samples for the recommended list of tests. Keep copies of the well log and any test results, as they’re valuable for future troubleshooting and property transfers.

Document the static water level, well depth, and yield test results for future reference.

Maintenance and long-term care

A well is a long-term asset but requires periodic care to protect water quality and functionality. Regular maintenance extends life and prevents costly repairs.

You’ll need to maintain the area around the well, test water regularly, inspect the well cap and casing, and service mechanical components.

Routine maintenance checklist

• Annual bacteria testing and inspections
• Test nitrates and other chemicals per schedule
• Inspect well cap, casing, and aboveground piping for damage
• Keep the area around the well clean, free from chemicals, fuels, and livestock
• Service pressure tanks and pumps as recommended by manufacturers
• Shock-chlorinate the well after repairs or contamination events

You should schedule a service call if you notice reductions in flow, changes in water appearance, or strange odors.

What to expect from a driller: questions to ask

When you contact drillers, you’ll want to ask specific questions to compare bids and evaluate competency.

• Are you licensed and insured? Can you provide references?
• What are typical depths and yields for wells in this neighborhood?
• What casing material and diameter do you recommend and why?
• Will you provide a detailed well log and as-built documentation?
• What are the warranty terms for drilling and the pump?
• What permits and inspections will you handle?
• How will you handle sanitary seals and grouting?
• Can you perform or coordinate yield testing and initial water sampling?

You’ll use this information to choose a reputable contractor and understand the expected outcomes.

Costs, timelines, and common surprises

Wells can be quick projects or extended undertakings, depending on site conditions. Drilling a typical domestic well might take a day to several days; complex sites or deep wells take longer.

Prepare for variability in cost. Unexpected hard rock, deeper water, or the need for additional casing or screens can increase price. Contamination that requires treatment will add to lifecycle costs.

Typical timeline

• Pre-drill evaluation and permitting: days to months (depending on permit processing)
• Drilling and well completion: 1–5 days typically (site-dependent)
• Pump installation and testing: 1–2 days
• Water testing and commissioning: 1–2 weeks for results and adjustments

You’ll want to build contingency time and budget into your plans.

Environmental and community considerations

Your well can affect and be affected by local groundwater conditions. Over-pumping can lower water tables and affect neighbors, and contamination can spread in groundwater systems.

You’ll be a responsible steward by using water efficiently, avoiding contaminant sources near the well, and following local rules for water use and disposal.

Coordination with neighbors

If you rely on the same aquifer as neighbors, you should be aware of communal impacts. In some areas, local groundwater management rules or associations help coordinate sustainable use.

You’ll want to communicate with neighbors, especially if your planned water use is large (irrigation, livestock, commercial use).

Making the decision: feasibility checklist recap

Before you commit, confirm these points:

• You’ve checked local geologic data and well logs. You’ll have a reasonable expectation of depth and yield.
• Your proposed well site meets local setback and permitting requirements.
• Potential contamination sources are identified and avoidable by siting the well appropriately.
• You’ve obtained multiple quotes and verified contractors’ licenses and references.
• You understand pump choices (jet vs submersible) and have selected a system matched to depth and demand.
• You have budgeted for drilling, pump and controls, testing, and contingencies.

If you can answer yes to most of these, your property is likely suitable for a water well. If several items raise red flags, you’ll want further professional investigation.

Frequently asked questions (short answers)

Q: How deep will my well need to be? You’ll find depths vary by region and geology. Some wells are under 50 feet in sandy areas; others exceed several hundred feet in rocky terrain. Use local well logs and a driller’s assessment to estimate.

Q: How much water will I get? Expect a wide range. Small domestic wells might produce 5–10 gpm; larger household or irrigation needs require higher yields. Yield depends on aquifer properties and well construction.

Q: Is my groundwater safe to drink? Not automatically. You’ll need testing after completion and periodically thereafter. Treatment may be required for bacteria, nitrates, hardness, iron, or specific contaminants.

Q: Can I install a well near my septic system? Often yes, but minimum distances are enforced to reduce contamination risk. Check local rules and aim for the greatest feasible separation and upslope location.

Q: Which pump is better, jet or submersible? If water is shallow and you prefer easy access, a jet pump might work. For deeper wells, higher flows, and better efficiency, a submersible is usually the better choice.

Next steps you should take

1. Collect local well logs and geological maps from your local water resources office or online databases. This gives you the best initial indication of feasibility.
2. Talk to neighbors who have wells and document their well depths, yields, and any treatment issues. Real-world local experience is invaluable.
3. Contact licensed well drillers for on-site assessments and multiple quotes. Ask for well logs from previous nearby projects.
4. Check local permitting requirements and apply for any necessary permits early. Permit processing can add time.
5. Budget for drilling, pump and pressure systems, water testing, and potential treatment options.
6. After drilling, schedule initial water testing and follow-up testing as recommended.

You’ll be in a better position to decide if a well is the right choice for your property after these steps.

Final thoughts

Choosing to install a water well is an investment in independence and resilience, but it requires careful planning. You’ll want to understand geology, contamination risks, legal requirements, and equipment options. With good information, reputable contractors, and sensible planning, you can determine whether your property is suitable and move forward with confidence.

If you have site-specific details (location, known bedrock or soil types, neighbor well data), share them and you’ll get more specific guidance tailored to your situation.